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Individual patient data meta-analysis from the MARCAP Consortium, 12 eligible trials, 10,853 patients, median follow-up 11.4 years (IQR 9.0-15.0). Three intensification questions analyzed separately: ADT use, neoadjuvant ADT prolongation, adjuvant ADT prolongation.

Localized prostate cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy, stratified by NCCN prognostic risk group. The RT ± ADT comparison ran 2,557 control vs 2,579 experimental (NCCN high 32.6% vs 32.8%, intermediate 47.6% vs 48.7%); the adjuvant-prolongation comparison was high-risk enriched at 71.5% vs 71.1% NCCN high across 1,900 vs 1,874 pts.

Dose was analyzed as a binary ≥74 Gy vs <74 Gy split, with the companion HEAT analysis using 64 to <74 Gy vs ≥74 Gy and escalation up to 79.2 Gy. Brachytherapy boost is discussed as an escalation route alongside external-beam dose.

ADT addition improved MFS HR 0.83 (0.77-0.89) and OS HR 0.86 (0.80-0.92). Adjuvant prolongation improved MFS HR 0.84 (0.78-0.91) and OS HR 0.85 (0.78-0.94); neoadjuvant prolongation did neither (MFS HR 0.95, OS HR 0.95). 10-yr MFS 61% (59-63) with ADT vs 52% (50-54) without; 10-yr OS 65% (63-67) vs 57% (55-59).

The 2022 HEAT network meta-analysis (13 trials, 11,862 pts) found dose escalation improved biochemical RFS but not MFS or OS, and named high-dose RT plus long-term ADT the best strategy. PROG 05/09 and GETUG-18 are invoked to explain the gap: a 21% 5-year biochemical benefit in low risk where metastasis is rare, versus 3% in high risk where it is not.

The pooled trials span 30+ years of practice, so the RT technique behind the <74 Gy stratum is not the technique a reader delivers today. The stated optimal durations (closer to 12 months high risk, 24+ months very high risk) come from DHARMA, accepted but unpublished, so that specific number is not yet auditable.

The framing claim is that dose escalation and ADT are not interchangeable levers: escalation buys biochemical control, ADT buys metastasis-free and overall survival, and the two do not substitute. The dogma that dose escalation obviates ADT is named as widely repeated and never demonstrated.

IPD meta-analysis of randomised trials, large N, long f/u. Reinforces ADT intensification over dose escalation; no new randomisation, and duration guidance rests on unpublished DHARMA.

Subset analysis of the phase 3 HERO trial, which randomized 934 men with advanced prostate cancer 2:1 to relugolix or leuprolide for 48 weeks. This report covers a 90-day recovery period after treatment discontinuation.

184 men who completed 48 weeks of assigned therapy and had no plan to start alternative ADT within the next 12 weeks (24 weeks after a last leuprolide 3-month depot). 137 had received relugolix, 47 leuprolide.

Relugolix 120 mg orally once daily after a single 360 mg loading dose on Day 1, versus leuprolide injections every 12 weeks, each for 48 weeks.

Time to testosterone recovery to ≥280 ng/dL by Kaplan-Meier, PSA during the recovery phase, and adverse events during recovery. No oncologic efficacy endpoint in this analysis.

During recovery, 96% of men had at least one adverse event and 15% had a grade ≥3 event, similar in both groups.

The 90-day window sits inside the pharmacologic tail of a 3-month leuprolide depot, so part of the 53.9% vs 3.2% gap is measurement timing rather than a durable biologic difference. The leuprolide median of 112.0 days derives from 2 recovery events.

Consistent in direction with the parent HERO result, where relugolix gave deeper sustained castration (96.7% vs 88.8%, difference 7.9%, 95% CI 4.1 to 11.8, P<0.001). The trade the two readings define is depth of suppression on-treatment against speed of recovery off-treatment, both favoring the oral antagonist.

This settles a kinetic question, not a clinical one: no recurrence, quality-of-life, or cardiometabolic endpoint is tied to the faster recovery here. Whether restoring normal testosterone months earlier translates into measurable benefit, or into a PSA that reflects recovering physiology rather than disease, remains untested.

Post-hoc subset of a phase 3 trial, non-randomised entry criterion, 137 vs 47 arms; recovery kinetics are a pharmacologic expectation, not a new clinical outcome.

Multicenter open-label randomized phase III noninferiority trial, 16 hospitals across 11 provinces of China, accrual August 2015 to August 2018, N=599 randomly assigned 1:1 (TNT 302, CRT 297). Stratified by tumor location, clinical stage and MRF status; median follow-up 35.0 months (range 8.3-63.9).

Age 18-70, ECOG 0-1, rectal adenocarcinoma of the distal or middle third (0-10cm from anal verge), cT3-4 and/or node-positive, no distant metastases, no prior anticancer treatment. Arms were balanced: cT4 15.9% v 12.8%, MRF involvement 56.3% v 56.2%, clinical stage III 85.8% v 83.5%.

TNT arm received 25Gy in 5 fractions over one week; CRT arm 50Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks with concurrent capecitabine 825mg/m2 twice daily. All patients received IMRT, a departure from RAPIDO, Polish II and PRODIGE 23. CTV covered mesorectum, presacral space, internal iliac, obturator nodes and ischiorectal fossa; superior border at the sacral promontory, inferior 2-3cm distal to the tumor, external iliacs added only for cT4b; CTV-to-PTV expansion 0.5-1.0cm.

TNT arm: 4 cycles CAPOX (oxaliplatin 130mg/m2 day 1, capecitabine 1,000mg/m2 twice daily days 1-14) starting 7-14 days after radiotherapy, then TME, then 2 further cycles. CRT arm: concurrent capecitabine during radiotherapy, then TME, then 6 cycles CAPOX. Total mesorectal excision was scheduled 6-8 weeks after preoperative treatment in both arms; a watch-and-wait pathway was permitted for clinical complete responders.

Primary: 3-year disease-free survival, noninferiority claimed if the upper bound of the 95% CI of the HR was at or below 1.43 (an 11% absolute margin against an assumed 65% CRT rate). Secondary endpoints were overall survival, metastasis-free survival, locoregional recurrence and surgical complications. Target accrual 600 with at least 194 DFS events for 80% power at one-sided alpha 0.05.

Acute grade III-V toxicity during preoperative treatment was 26.5% with TNT versus 12.6% with CRT (P<.001), driven almost entirely by hematologic events (grade 3-4 15.8% v 2.0%, P<.001) rather than by anything the radiotherapy added. Radiotherapy delivery itself was cleaner in the short-course arm, with no dose reductions at all, and grade III+ surgical complications were comparable (14.0% v 15.7%, P=.625). Grade III-IV toxicity during adjuvant chemotherapy ran lower after TNT (3.3% v 11.8%, P=.003).

STELLAR is the third randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy against long-course CRT, after Polish II and RAPIDO, with PRODIGE 23 addressing the adjacent question of chemotherapy sequencing around long-course CRT. Its 3-year LRR of 8.4% with TNT sits alongside RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23 (4%-8.3%) and well below Polish II (21%-22%), which enrolled a heavier fixed cT3/cT4 population. Unlike RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23, STELLAR showed no reduction in distant metastasis (3-year DM 22.8% v 24.7%), and its OS advantage mirrors the early Polish II signal that later disappeared at 8 years.

The 11% noninferiority margin is wide, and the authors concede in retrospect that a narrower margin or larger sample would have been defensible given how close the arms proved. Distant metastasis, the endpoint short-course TNT was designed to move, did not separate at all (22.8% v 24.7%), which weakens the mechanistic case for the OS difference. Adjuvant chemotherapy completion also differed between arms (60.0% v 48.3%, P=.009), so postoperative treatment intensity is not held constant across the comparison.

The defensible read is the primary endpoint: 25Gy in 5 fractions followed by CAPOX delivers the same 3-year DFS and the same locoregional control as 50Gy in 25 fractions, in one week of radiotherapy instead of five. The 11.4-point OS separation is the number that will be quoted and the one least supported, since neither MFS nor LRR moved and the same pattern in Polish II did not survive longer follow-up. What transfers most reliably is the technique: full elective pelvic coverage with IMRT at 5x5Gy, delivered without a single dose reduction.

Prespecified noninferiority met on 3yr DFS with adequate accrual, but open-label, 35mo follow-up only, and the OS gain is a secondary endpoint unsupported by MFS or LRR.

Multicenter randomized phase III, N=458, accrual June 6, 2017 to December 27, 2023, median follow-up 51 months. Primary endpoint: DFS. Blinding is not reported and the two regimens are not maskable.

Stage II/III LARC aged 18 to 70 with at least one MRI high-risk feature (cT4a-b, cN2, mesorectal fascia involvement, or cT3c-d with EMVI). Baseline burden was heavy: cT4 47.82%, cN2 75.98%, threatened MRF 70.96%, EMVI 54.80%.

Experimental: one cycle induction CAPOX, LCRT with two cycles concurrent CAPOX, three cycles consolidation CAPOX, then surgery, so all cytotoxic therapy precedes resection. Control: LCRT with concurrent capecitabine, surgery, then six cycles adjuvant CAPOX at 4 to 8 weeks.

Long-course RT in both arms, so RT is the fixed element and the randomized variable is chemotherapy timing plus oxaliplatin exposure. Dose, fractionation, technique and target volume are not reported in the source text, nor is whether concurrent doublet chemotherapy altered RT delivery.

Primary: DFS. Secondary results reported here: MFS, pCR, locoregional failure, overall survival, grade ≥3 adverse events, major postoperative complications.

Primary endpoint met, with MFS moving in step and pCR strongly favoring the experimental arm, while locoregional failure and 3-year OS did not separate. See the efficacy table.

Grade ≥3 toxicity front-loads into the neoadjuvant phase with the doublet, but severe toxicity across the entire treatment course and major postoperative complications were comparable. Total mesorectal excision was performed in approximately 87% (TNT) and 90% (nCRT).

Sits alongside RAPIDO, PRODIGE-23 and STELLAR, the trials that established TNT, but keeps long-course chemoradiation as the RT backbone rather than short-course RT. Unlike RAPIDO's longer follow-up, intensification here did not increase locoregional failure.

Control-arm adjuvant CAPOX delivery and completion are not reported, and a TNT advantage partly reflects therapy planned but not received when postoperative chemotherapy under-delivers. Accrual spanned 2017 to 2023, during which TNT became routine, so control-arm contemporaneity drifted. Age was capped at 70.

The gain is distant, not local: MFS tracks DFS while locoregional failure is flat and low in both arms, which says long-course chemoradiation with a fluoropyrimidine is near its local ceiling in this population and the remaining room is systemic. The pCR tripling is the organ-preservation lever, but pCR is a resection-specimen endpoint and this trial did not test nonoperative management.

Randomized phase III, primary DFS met at 51mo median f/u, but TNT is already established by RAPIDO, PRODIGE-23, STELLAR; this refines regimen rather than the paradigm.

Prospective observational cohort nested in the Göteborg-1 PSA screening trial. Of 1052 men diagnosed with screen-detected PC between 1995 and 2014, 494 (47%) had AS as primary strategy and 488 were analysed after excluding 6 with high-risk disease. Follow-up closed December 31, 2023; median follow-up among survivors 18.0 yr.

Very low risk 251 (51%), low risk 129 (26%), intermediate risk 108 (22%). Median age 66 yr (IQR 63-68), PSA 4.1 ng/ml, PSA density 0.12 ng/ml/cm3. Intermediate risk was T1-2, Gleason 7, PSA <20; high-risk disease (Gleason 8 or above) was excluded.

AS was defined as no treatment within 6 mo of diagnosis, with no predefined selection or follow-up protocol. PSA every 6-12 mo, repeat biopsy on clinical or PSA progression, early rebiopsy when the diagnostic core carried under 2 mm of cancer. Sextant biopsies until 2009, 10-12 cores thereafter.

RT was a discontinuation endpoint, not a protocol intervention: 44 men received radiotherapy as primary treatment after leaving AS versus 141 radical prostatectomy and 47 hormonal therapy. No dose, fractionation, or target volume is reported. Post-RT failure was defined by the nadir +2 ng/ml rule.

Kaplan-Meier treatment-free, failure-free, PC-specific and overall survival, measured from diagnosis. Failure was a composite: noncurative PSA relapse, starting hormonal treatment, metastasis, or PC death, whichever came first. Curves truncated at 22 yr for treatment- and failure-free survival for want of men at risk.

232 men discontinued AS, 81 met the failure definition, 14 died of PC. Risk of failure rose with Gleason 7 (HR 3.12), PSA density per doubling (HR 1.78), and T2a-c stage (HR 1.89); age and PSA alone were not associated.

Treatment-free survival at 15 yr (48%) sits between the Toronto AS cohort (55% at 15 yr) and Canary PASS (49% at 10 yr). PC mortality is close to ProtecT (3.4%) and Toronto (5.7% at 15 yr), and well below PIVOT (11.4%) and SPCG-4, which enrolled clinically diagnosed rather than screen-detected men.

Sextant biopsy through 2009 and MRI in only 21 of 488 men mean baseline risk group is systematically understated, so some "very-low-risk" failures were likely misclassified intermediate-risk disease at entry. The 2005 Gleason revision shifts the same tumours upward today. The composite failure endpoint also pools an untreated low-value PSA relapse with PC death.

The two headline numbers point in opposite directions and both are real: cancer-specific survival of 94% at 25 yr says AS is safe, while failure-free survival of 68% at 22 yr with no plateau says the cure window closes for a substantial minority. The authors' framing is the useful one: there is no point at which monitoring can be stopped safely.

Prospective single-strategy cohort nested in a screening RCT, no randomised treatment comparator; extends known AS safety signal to 25 yr rather than contesting it.

Phase 3 international randomised trial, 1:1 central allocation by ICR-CTSU with permuted blocks, stratified by centre and NCCN risk group. Treatment allocation was open-label. Of 874 randomised, 844 formed the analysis population (SBRT=414, CRT=430), median follow-up 85.7 and 85.6 mo.

Men with low-/intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer. Baseline characteristics balanced; baseline PROM data pooled across arms given equivalent pretreatment function.

SBRT 36.25 Gy in five fractions versus CRT 78 Gy in 39 fractions or 62 Gy in 20 fractions. Image-guidance method was not analysed as a variable, and rectal spacer use is not reported in this analysis.

Primary comparison: SBRT vs CRT at 5 yr for each PROM endpoint, using EPIC-26 urinary incontinence, sexual and bowel domains plus the Vaizey faecal incontinence score at baseline, 1, 2 and 5 yr. Binary outcomes by chi-squared with Wilson 95% CIs; continuous by Mann-Whitney.

All predefined between-group differences were nonsignificant. Sexual domain median score fell from 48.7 (IQR 22.2-77.8) to 26.3 (IQR 16.7-57) for SBRT and 54.2 (IQR 27.8-75.0) to 24.3 (IQR 16.7-52.8) for CRT, p=0.89.

Moderate or big urinary leakage problems reached 6% (15/250) SBRT and 4% (9/244) CRT; bowel problems 5% in both arms. Solid stool incontinence never/rarely in 94% (232/248) SBRT and 90% (217/241) CRT; liquid stool 92% in both.

PACE-B previously showed SBRT non-inferior to conventional and moderately hypofractionated RT for efficacy but with higher cumulative GU adverse events; these PROMs argue that excess did not persist to 5 yr. Against TrueNTH's robotic prostatectomy benchmark at 1 yr (42% leak- and pad-free, 6% of baseline-potent men retaining intercourse-adequate erections), the RT curves sit far better, and PACE-A reported pad use of 4.6% after SBRT versus 46.9% after prostatectomy.

The EPIC-26 irritative/obstructive domain was not included, removing the symptom cluster most often attributed to SBRT, though the authors note no 5-yr difference was seen in prior reporting. There is no untreated control arm, so age-related decline is unseparated from treatment effect, and no analysis by image-guidance method.

The clinically useful claim is narrow and real: five fractions buys convenience without a late functional cost relative to 20 or 39 fractions. The cross-modality framing against surgery is the weaker half, comparing separate cohorts at different timepoints with a shared instrument rather than a randomised contrast.

Prespecified 5-yr PROM analysis of a phase 3 RCT; all between-group differences nonsignificant, supporting five-fraction SBRT already in guideline use. Attrition to ~60% limits precision.

Protocol-planned secondary analysis of the TROG 08.03 RAVES phase 3 noninferiority RCT, 166 aRT vs 167 sRT. Median follow-up 6 yr (IQR 4 to 7.1) in both arms. Complete-case analysis, no imputation, chi-square per timepoint.

High-risk features after RP: positive margins, extraprostatic extension, or seminal vesicle invasion. 82% Gleason 7, 3% Gleason 8, 12% Gleason 9. Median age 63.8 vs 63.9 yr (p = 0.9).

64 Gy in 32 fractions to the prostate fossa in both arms, mostly 3D-CRT rather than IMRT. aRT within 6 mo of RP; sRT triggered at PSA 0.20 ng/ml and delivered within 4 mo. Concurrent ADT and pelvic nodal treatment were not permitted.

Primary: proportion with a minimal clinically important change, defined as a >0.5 SD decline from baseline on each QLQ-PR25 domain. MCIC thresholds were 7 points urinary, 2 points bowel, 14 sexual activity, 12 sexual functioning. Global QOL by QLQ-C30.

The RP-to-RT interval regression is the cleanest read: no coefficient approached significance at 3, 4, or 5 yr in any domain, with the largest estimate 0.20 (95% CI -0.29 to 0.70, p = 0.4).

GETUG-AFU 17 and RADICALS reported the same directional late GU penalty for adjuvant RT, though cross-trial comparison is blocked by differing urinary grading. Prior clinician-rated series put CTCAE grade 2 incontinence at 10 to 20%, bracketing the 16% seen here.

The aRT versus never-irradiated comparison is not randomized: those 87 men were selected by not recurring, so comorbidity and baseline continence are unbalanced by construction. The sRT-received group's worse sexual activity at 3 and 4 yr is confounded by higher-risk disease and likely more ADT off-protocol, and the 5-yr sexual functioning cells are as small as n = 10.

The patient-reported bowel signal is invisible on CTCAE (RAVES showed no clinician-rated GI difference), and the patient-reported urinary trend never reached consistent significance despite a 70% vs 54% clinician-rated G2+ GU gap. The two instruments are measuring different things, and neither alone describes what a man experiences.

Protocol-planned secondary analysis of a randomized trial; supports the established early-salvage standard. Exploratory, unadjusted for multiple testing, 3D-CRT era.

IPD meta-analysis of randomised phase 3 CFRT vs MHFRT trials via the MARCAP consortium. Searches on Dec 15, 2023 and re-run Jan 8, 2025 screened 1696 records down to 7 eligible trials. Three separate analyses: efficacy, physician-scored late toxicity, and patient-reported outcomes.

Localised prostate cancer on trials that published patient-level efficacy AND late toxicity data. 3454 pts across three isodose trials, 2426 pts across four dose-escalated trials. Trials whose CFRT arm fell below modern dose were excluded.

The intervention split is the whole point: isodose MHFRT (same equivalent dose in fewer fractions, eg 60 Gy in 20 fractions) versus dose-escalated MHFRT. The CFRT comparator had to deliver ≥70 Gy in 2 Gy equivalents.

Primary (efficacy): progression-free survival. Co-primary toxicity endpoints: late grade 2 or higher GU and GI. Co-primary PRO endpoints: clinically-significant decrement in urinary or bowel quality of life.

The GI signal sits entirely in the dose-escalated stratum and shows up on both physician grading and patient report; the isodose stratum carries neither. GU odds ran above 1 in both comparisons with intervals crossing unity.

CHHiP and PROFIT established 60 Gy in 20 fractions as non-inferior to conventional fractionation. The escalated schedules were built on the premise that a higher equivalent dose in fewer fractions would improve control; pooled here that premise fails on PFS while adding bowel toxicity.

Toxicity scales and PRO instruments were not uniform across the seven trials, and the dose-escalated stratum pools four schedules that are not interchangeable, so the OR describes escalation as a class, not one regimen. Follow-up also differs between strata (5.4 vs 7.1 yrs).

With efficacy answered as a null, the schedule decision turns entirely on toxicity, and the toxicity difference runs one way. Escalating per-fraction dose beyond isodose buys no measurable PFS while adding bowel morbidity that pts themselves report, which leaves little argument for an escalated MHFRT schedule in intact localised disease.

Pooled IPD from seven randomised phase 3 trials, aligned with existing moderate-hypofractionation practice; refines which regimen rather than establishing a new modality or population.

Randomized, non-blinded phase III, 1:1, N=698 (MH-IMRT 345, SBRT 353), stratified by Gleason score, PSA, and rectal manipulation. The trial's oncologic primary endpoint sits elsewhere; this analysis reports the patient-reported secondary endpoints.

Localized intermediate-risk prostate cancer, median age 68 (IMRT) and 69 (SBRT). Two patients were ineligible (one high-risk, one PSA out of window). Baseline EPIC domains were balanced across arms, all p≥0.093.

SBRT 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions delivered 2-3 per week, PTV expansion 5mm except 3mm posteriorly and anteriorly, PTV max capped at 38.78 Gy unless the urethra was visualized and contoured (acceptable variation 43.5 Gy). MH-IMRT 70 Gy/28 fx or 60 Gy/20 fx, PTV expansion 8mm except 5mm posteriorly. CTV was prostate ± 1cm proximal seminal vesicles. Rectal manipulation was common: SpaceOAR in 55% overall.

EPIC-26 at baseline, 12 and 24 months. MCID thresholds: >5 points urinary irritative/obstructive, >6 urinary incontinence, >10 sexual, >4 bowel and hormonal. Individual MCID rather than group mean scores was the analytic unit, with an exploratory longitudinal linear model adjusted for baseline score, arm, stratification factors, T-stage, age, and race.

The arm-level MCID and toxicity comparisons are tabulated above. Longitudinal modeling of urinary incontinence gave a least square mean difference of 2.91 (95% CI 0.85-4.97, p=0.0058) favoring SBRT, while sexual and hormonal domains showed no significant treatment effect.

Investigator-reported toxicity favored SBRT across the board: grade ≥3 GU 0.6% vs 2.5% (p=0.04), any-grade rectal hemorrhage 10.5% vs 17.3% (p=0.01), any-grade fatigue 39.2% vs 50.8% (p=0.0025). The GU finding is the one that most often runs the other way in ultrahypofractionation series, so it is worth reading as the trial's own answer to the pre-trial toxicity concern.

PACE-B is the other large randomized SBRT vs moderate hypofractionation comparison, and both trials show lower urinary incontinence decline with SBRT despite differing MCID definitions. Prior patient-level meta-analysis had suggested less clinically meaningful bowel and urinary irritative/obstructive decline at two years with SBRT, and the 1-year bowel result here is directionally consistent.

Differential attrition ran against the IMRT arm: 22 IMRT patients (6.4%) died or withdrew before year 1 versus 4 SBRT patients (1.1%), and 22 IMRT patients never received the assigned RT after withdrawal versus 1 in the SBRT arm. Completion was 79.9% (IMRT) and 84.0% (SBRT) at year 1. The domain-by-timepoint pattern (bowel and sexual at 1yr, incontinence at 2yr) is the kind of scattered significance that multiplicity should temper.

The trial was designed when the open question was whether five fractions cost the patient something. The PRO answer is that it does not, and the investigator-reported toxicity answer is that it may cost less. What the QoL data cannot do is settle whether SBRT is oncologically non-inferior, which is the primary endpoint and is not reported in this source.

Prespecified PRO secondary analysis of a phase III trial, non-blinded with patient-reported endpoints; aligns with PACE-B rather than establishing a new position. Oncologic primary endpoint not reported here.

Randomised phase III, four-group intergroup trial (EORTC/NCIC-CTG/TROG/MRC-CTU), N=478, comparing two single-modality first-line strategies. This is the mature analysis; a post hoc reclassification to 2021 WHO criteria was possible in 73% (351/478) with analyzable tissue.

Clinical high-risk WHO grade 2 low-grade glioma, treatment-naive. Post hoc molecular strata: IDHmt/1p19q non-codeleted astrocytoma n=178, IDHmt/1p19q codeleted oligodendroglioma n=109, IDH wild-type n=64.

Standard fractionation, 28 × 1.8 Gy (50.4 Gy), delivered as the entire assigned treatment. No concurrent or adjuvant systemic therapy in the RT arm, which is the gap between this trial and how grade 2 glioma is treated now.

Dose-dense temozolomide 75 mg/m² once daily, 21 of 28 days, up to 12 cycles, given as sole first-line therapy with RT withheld.

Primary: progression-free survival. Overall survival and differential response by molecular marker were the mature-analysis questions.

No significant difference in PFS or OS between arms, and the null held across every molecular subtype except IDH wild-type, where OS favored TMZ.

RTOG 9802 established RT followed by PCV as the high-risk grade 2 benchmark, and combined-modality therapy is now standard for IDH-mutant astrocytoma. EORTC 22033 tested neither arm of that question: it asked which single modality to lead with, and answered that it does not matter.

Molecular strata are post hoc in 73% of the enrolled population, so subtype comparisons carry both selection and multiplicity risk. The IDH wild-type finding rests on n=64, and under 2021 criteria those tumors would not be enrolled as grade 2 at all.

The durable contribution is prognostic rather than therapeutic: median OS of 12.9-14.9 years in codeleted oligodendroglioma against 6.6-6.7 years in IDH-mutant astrocytoma quantifies how far molecular class outweighs modality choice. The finding that pts ≥40 fared better than <40 undercuts the age-40 cutoff that still gates high-risk definitions.

Mature randomised phase III, primary endpoint negative in both arms and across molecular subtypes; the IDHwt survival difference is post hoc, n=64.

International investigator-initiated phase 3, N=802 from 8 countries, accrued March 2014 to June 2018, median follow-up 8 years. Powered at 80% for an HR 0.67. Primary was changed from OS to MFS during the trial because deaths ran below projection.

High-risk clinically localized or locally-advanced disease suitable for EBRT: 90% Gleason 8-10, 36% PSA >20 ng/ml, 12% cN1 by conventional imaging. 40% planned for pelvic RT and 8% for a brachytherapy boost.

Experimental: enzalutamide 160 mg daily x 24 months plus LHRH agonist x24 months. Control: conventional NSAA x6 months plus LHRH agonist x24 months. The control is an active antiandrogen, not ADT alone.

Prostate to 78Gy, or 46Gy plus brachytherapy boost, starting 16 weeks after hormonal therapy. Pelvic nodal RT required for cN1 (46Gy elective nodes plus boost to gross nodes) and optional for cN0 but declared before randomization. QA was unusually tight: credentialing, benchmarking, real-time review of the first 5 plans per site, then 20% random sampling.

Primary: MFS. Secondary: OS, CSS, PSA PFS, clinical PFS, castration resistance, HRQoL, adverse events, cost-effectiveness. Main effects by unstratified log-rank at alpha=0.05, Cox HRs, all p-values nominal without multiplicity adjustment, five prespecified subgroups tested by interaction.

Primary MFS not met. PFS favored enzalutamide at a nominal p=0.044 and OS was flat; the subgroup detail sits in the table above.

STAMPEDE's abiraterone-based intensification in non-metastatic high-risk disease produced an MFS HR 0.53 against ENZARAD's 0.88, and the ENZARAD cN1 subgroup HR mirrors the STAMPEDE result. The gap plausibly reflects population, not drug: cN1 11% vs 39%, median PSA 14 vs 35 ng/ml, cT3-4 47% vs 92%.

The pelvic-RT subgroup is not a clean randomized comparison of pelvic coverage: it carried 28% N1 and 62% Gleason 9/10 against 0% N1 and 49% Gleason 9/10 in the no-pelvic-RT group, so risk enrichment and biological interaction are entangled. The presenter named both explanations and could separate neither.

Two prespecified subgroups moving together on MFS and OS, with OS HRs tracking MFS HRs as ICECaP surrogacy predicts, is more internally consistent than a lone subgroup blip. It still does not establish that enzalutamide works only when the pelvis is treated.

Adequately powered phase 3 missed its primary MFS endpoint against an active NSAA control; benefit rests on two prespecified subgroups with overlapping risk composition.

Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis (X-MET collaboration), PROSPERO CRD42023479078. Searched Embase, PubMed, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov to Nov 3 2023, updated May 4 2025; dual independent screening in Covidence, Cochrane RoB 2.0. Of 2975 studies screened, 7 phase 2 trials randomising 574 men were included.

Published randomised prospective trials in oligometastatic (up to five metastases) prostate cancer with data sufficient for PFS and OS. Most patients were castration-sensitive (n=375, 65%); ARTO enrolled entirely CRPC and the two EXTEND baskets a CRPC subset. The primary tumour had received prior definitive local therapy in 491 patients (85.5%), required in every trial except the EXTEND baskets and ARTO.

Co-primary: progression-free survival and overall survival. Secondary: radiographic PFS and castration resistance-free survival. Primary analysis restricted to the six trials randomising MDT plus SOC versus SOC, with both a random-effects trial-level analysis and a patient-level analysis stratified by trial.

Effect sizes are in the endpoint table. Trial- and patient-level estimates agreed closely on all four endpoints, and OS showed HR<1 in every individual trial without reaching significance in aggregate.

The constituent trials are the ones that currently drive MDT practice: STOMP and ORIOLE (small randomised phase 2, ADT-free intervals and progression), ARTO (MDT added to abiraterone in CRPC), the two EXTEND hormone baskets, and the prostate subgroup of SABR-COMET (16 men). Pooling them raises precision on PFS but cannot add the phase 3 evidence none of them supply, and the ongoing randomised phase 3 programmes remain the gate.

The SOC arm was not one thing: observation in all or part of STOMP, ORIOLE and COMET-SABR, and second-generation ARPI use differed between arms (59.8%, n=134 in SOC vs 50.4%, n=125 in MDT), which cuts against MDT rather than for it. Four abstract-only randomised primary analyses could not supply IPD and were excluded, and the prostate contribution from SABR-COMET is 16 men.

PFS is where the estimate is tight and consistent; OS is where the question stays open, and at p=0.051 the honest read is an underpowered signal, not a negative result. The endpoint most likely to matter to practice is CRFS (HR 0.58) in castration-sensitive disease, because deferring castration resistance is the outcome MDT is being asked to deliver.

Pools only phase 2 trials with non-blinded randomisation and mixed SOC; co-primary OS missed (p=0.051). Supports existing MDT practice rather than establishing level 1 evidence.

Single-centre randomised open-label phase 2 at the European Institute of Oncology, Milan. 105 pts assigned 1:1 between Aug 1, 2019 and April 30, 2023; median follow-up 31 months (IQR 16-36). Modified intention-to-treat analysis, 3 pts lost to follow-up.

Metachronous oligorecurrent hormone-sensitive disease: biochemical progression after radical local treatment with ≤3 lesions (pelvic nodal, extra-regional nodal, or bone) on next-generation imaging, ECOG 0-1. Median age 70 (IQR 65-75). Stratified by doubling time (≤3 vs >3 mo), node vs bone, and PET vs MRI.

30 Gy in 3 fractions every other day to all oligometastatic sites, or equivalent regimens by site. Stated EQD2 98.6 Gy (α/β 1.5 Gy) and BED >100 Gy, an ablative prescription rather than a symptomatic one, which is the dose the control-arm result belongs to.

6 months of ADT with an LHRH analogue in the combination arm, begun within 1 week before SBRT; no ADT in the control arm. The RT backbone is fixed across arms, so the randomised variable is the short systemic course alone.

Primary: clinical progression-free survival, assessed in 51 pts per group. No overall survival, ADT-free survival, or castration-resistance readout is reported in source.

Radiation contributed one G1 GI event; the only G3 was a left ureter stenosis in the combination arm, with no late toxicity in either group. The 22 G1 events were ADT-attributed and had resolved by last follow-up, so the harm ledger sits with the systemic course, not the RT.

STOMP and ORIOLE established MDT against observation in metachronous oligorecurrence, partly on the strength of keeping men off systemic therapy. EXTEND tested the mirror-image addition, MDT layered onto hormone therapy. This is the first randomised trial in this setting to report improved cPFS for the combination.

Progression was assessed unmasked, and PSA suppression from the randomised ADT gates the restaging that defines the event. Median follow-up sits below the combination arm's median cPFS of 32.2 mo, so the tail after testosterone recovery is thin. No biomarker separates the pts who would do well on SBRT alone.

Local and systemic therapy read as additive here rather than redundant, but the trade is priced in cPFS only. Whether 6 months is the right duration, and for whom SBRT alone suffices, is exactly what the investigators leave to future biomarker work.

Randomised, prespecified primary cPFS hit (HR 0.43). Single-centre, N=105, surrogate composite endpoint, so it supports adding short ADT to MDT rather than establishing it.

Multi-arm prospective phase 2 trial (NCT00895622) of risk-adapted management, not randomised: each risk group followed its own assigned strategy. 244 consented, 165 eligible and treated per protocol. Original primary endpoint was 3-yr PFS, previously reported; this is the mature analysis with data cutoff 8/15/2023 and median follow-up 12.1, 12.0 and 11.1 years across the three cohorts.

Adults ≥18 with Zubrod 0-1 and histologically confirmed unifocal WHO grade 1-3 meningioma, newly diagnosed or recurrent, any resection extent, with centrally confirmed pathology. Median age 56, 62 in the high-risk group; 65.5% female overall. Recurrent disease made up 30.8% of the intermediate and 47.2% of the high-risk cohorts.

Group 1 (grade 1 post-GTR/STR) was observed only. Group 2 (recurrent grade 1, or newly diagnosed grade 2 post-GTR) received 54 Gy in 30 fractions. Group 3 (newly diagnosed grade 2 post-STR, newly diagnosed grade 3, or recurrent grade 2/3) received 60 Gy in 30 fractions.

The gradient tracks risk assignment cleanly at 10 years, and the two Cox covariates that survive adjustment are recurrent disease and subtotal resection, both for PFS and OS. See the cohort and covariate tables above.

Grade 3+ AEs attributed to radiotherapy occurred in 5 pts (9.6%) of the intermediate-risk and 8 pts (15.1%) of the high-risk cohorts. Newly reported late events in the intermediate group were auditory and neurologic grade 3 plus one grade 4 hemorrhage. Zubrod, MMSE and neurologic function score were stable over time.

This is the mature counterpart to the trial's own 3-yr landmark reports and now sits as the benchmark alongside the ongoing de-escalation questions in NRG BN003 (NCT03180268) and ROAM/EORTC 1308, both of which test whether grade 2 post-GTR needs RT at all. Until those read out, the 10-yr PFS 72.2% and OS 84.7% here are the reference numbers for treating that group.

Pathology was graded under the WHO criteria of the enrolment era, so some group 1 tumors would likely be reclassified today, which is the trial's own proposed explanation for the poor recurrent grade 1 outcomes. Subgroup estimates rest on very small denominators, with intervals such as 15.0% (0-42.0%) for recurrent grade 2 PFS that cannot support a practice decision on their own.

The trial settles the low-risk question (observe after GTR, 10-yr PFS 88.0%) and confirms that high-risk disease is not controlled by 60 Gy, with 10-yr PFS 42.5%. What it cannot settle is whether the intermediate-risk result reflects RT or favorable biology, since no group 2 patient went untreated.

Non-randomised risk-adapted phase 2 with mature 10+ yr follow-up; supports existing consensus (observe post-GTR grade 1, RT otherwise) rather than testing it against a control.

Randomized phase III SWOG/NRG cooperative-group trial, accrual 8/13/20 to 9/6/24, 417 randomized / 403 eligible (201 SBRT alone, 202 atezolizumab + SBRT) against an accrual goal of 432. Closed at the first interim analysis for futility on both OS and PFS. Median follow-up in living pts was 12 months (range 0.03-49).

T1-3N0M0 NSCLC ≤7 cm, medically inoperable or declined surgery, with ≥1 recurrence risk factor: tumor diameter ≥2 cm, ≥6.2 (SUV), or moderately/poorly/undifferentiated histology. Median age 73 (41-91), 89% ECOG 0-1, median tumor diameter 2.3 cm. Stratified by location (central vs peripheral), size (<4 vs ≥4 cm) and PS.

SBRT in 3-8 fractions to a BED ≥100 Gy in both arms, i.e. standard definitive dosing rather than a de-escalated backbone. In the experimental arm SBRT began with cycle 3, so radiation was delivered after two neoadjuvant atezolizumab cycles and concurrently with the third.

Atezolizumab 1200 mg IV Q3W for 8 cycles, given neoadjuvantly, concurrently and adjuvantly around SBRT. No protocol treatment was received by 6 pts on S and 8 on AS.

Primary: overall survival, compared by 1-sided stratified log-rank at the 2.5% level. Secondary: PFS, failure patterns, toxicity, QoL.

Neither OS nor PFS favored the IO arm, and local failure ran higher with atezolizumab. See the failure-pattern table and primary endpoint above.

G≥3 AEs 12% on AS vs 2% on S (21 G3, 1 G4, and 1 G5 respiratory failure with atezolizumab; 3 G3 and 1 G4 with SBRT alone). A six-fold excess of high-grade toxicity with no efficacy return is the safety read.

The prior randomized phase II (PMID 37478883) suggested benefit from adding immunotherapy to SBRT; this larger phase III does not reproduce it. It also sits against PACIFIC-era logic, where consolidation IO helps after chemoRT for stage III, and shows that result does not port down to node-negative disease treated with ablative SBRT.

Follow-up is short (median 12 mo alive) and central review of local recurrence events is not complete, so the local-failure imbalance is provisional. The smoker subgroup harm signal was not multiplicity-controlled, and PD-L1 status, QoL and correlative blood/tissue analyses are all still pending.

A negative primary endpoint with a directionally worse PFS, worse local control and six-fold more high-grade toxicity is stronger than a null result: it argues against the abscopal/radiosensitization rationale in this setting. It does not exclude benefit in a biomarker-selected subset, which the pending PD-L1 analysis will test.

Phase III, primary OS endpoint not met, closed at interim for futility. Reaffirms SBRT alone as SoC and refutes the earlier phase II IO signal.

Multicenter randomized phase II basket trial, 6 histology baskets with basket-specific stratification and powering. Accrual 2018 to 2023, median follow-up 53 months.

Patients with 1-5 metastases on standard-of-care systemic therapy, allocated to breast, pancreas, kidney, two prostate baskets, or an "Other" basket. 521 screened, 350 randomized, 334 analyzed per protocol (MDT+SOC n=166; SOC n=168).

Radiotherapy delivered 98% of MDT (370/379 metastases), so this is effectively a radiotherapy trial. Dose, fractionation, technique and target-volume definition are not reported in source.

Primary: PFS, pre-specified in the per-protocol set at three levels (within each basket, across all baskets, and across all baskets excluding the prostate baskets). Exploratory: ctDNA and immune profiling.

All-basket PFS HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.41-0.72), p<0.001; excluding prostate, HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.40-0.89). Superiority in pancreas, prostate and "Other"; breast and kidney inconclusive. No per-basket effect sizes reported in source.

SABR-COMET randomized 99 patients across mixed histologies; STOMP and ORIOLE were prostate-only and smaller. EXTEND's contribution is scale plus histology resolution: it keeps a benefit when the prostate baskets are removed, which the prostate-only trials could not address.

The primary analysis is per-protocol rather than ITT, and an unblinded PFS endpoint in a trial that ablates the very lesions being measured favors the intervention arm. The "Other" basket is a mixed-histology pool, so its superiority signal is the hardest of the three to carry into a single phase III.

The prostate-excluded HR 0.60 is the trial's most load-bearing number, since it shows the pooled result is not simply the prostate literature reasserting itself. The ctDNA correlations (detectable at enrollment with worse PFS and survival; clearance at 3 months with better survival) point at a biological rather than anatomic definition of oligometastasis, which is the more interesting question EXTEND raises without settling.

Randomized phase II, per-protocol primary, histology-specific signals explicitly framed as hypothesis-generating for phase III. Consistent with SABR-COMET / STOMP / ORIOLE direction.